By Andrew Klein, PhD

Gabriel Klein, Research Assistant and Scholar

Series of lectures prepared for the summer school year 2025. 

Reference to our ‘ Mother’ reflect the view of the planet as a holistic living experience that embraces all of life. It does not represent any particular religion or creed but instead sees all things interconnected and ideally in harmony.

This approach does not challenge scientific wisdom or data. On examination of the scientific material available to date, this is the best way of looking at the world. 

Authors Note – December 2025

Dedication: For our Mother, who regards truth as more important than myth. In truth, there is no judgment, only justice. To the world, she is many things, but to us, she will always be Mum.

Introduction: From Earth’s Rhythm to Empire’s Ledger

The modern Christmas season presents a paradox: a global festival purportedly celebrating peace, family, and divine birth, which simultaneously drives frenzied consumption, personal debt, and profound social anxiety. This contradiction is not an accident but the endpoint of a long historical transformation. This article deconstructs Christmas, tracing its evolution from a Neolithic observance of earthly cycles into a core ritual of patriarchal sky-god worship, a tool of social control for Church and State, and finally, the ultimate expression of neoliberal extraction—a machine that atomizes spiritual and familial bonds into transactional events, generating profit while masking a deepening void.

Part I: The Deep Roots – Earth, Goddess, and the Necessity of Sun

Long before Christ, humanity marked the winter solstice. This astronomical event, the shortest day and longest night in the Northern Hemisphere, was a time of profound existential fear and hope. Early agrarian societies, whose survival depended on the earth’s fertility, revered the feminine aspect of creation—the Earth Mother or a goddess of fertility and the underworld. The solstice represented her dormant phase, a perilous time of scarcity.

Image created by Chat GPT – ‘Winter solstice ritual around fire’- company policy prohibits creation of image using the words ‘long before Christ’. This approach to AI generated images has been discussed in a pervious lecture. The implications on learning and critical thinking must be examined closely.

· Global Celebrations of Renewal: From the Roman Saturnalia (a festival of role reversal, feasting, and gift-giving) to the Germanic Yule (a midwinter festival celebrating the return of the sun god), cultures developed rituals to coax the sun’s return. These were sympathetic magic and communal insurance policies, aimed at ensuring the rebirth of spring and a bountiful new year. Sacrifice—of animals, of food, and sometimes of humans—was a core component, a transaction offered to the divine to guarantee the community’s survival. This concept of sacrifice-as-transaction is the bedrock upon which later theological and commercial structures would be built.

· The Sky God’s Ascendancy: With the rise of patriarchal, hierarchical societies and the advent of large-scale, imperial agriculture (in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Mediterranean), the focus shifted from the immanent, nurturing earth to a transcendent sky god—a male ruler who controlled rain, storms, and cosmic order from above. The solstice became less about the earth’s deep sleep and more about the birth or rebirth of this solar/sky deity. This theological shift mirrored the social shift from earth-based, often matrilineal clan structures to top-down, militarized states. The intimate bond with the local land was replaced by a contractual relationship with a distant, demanding father-god.

Part II: The Christian Adaptation and Medieval Control

Early Christianity did not invent a winter nativity; it strategically absorbed and repurposed existing solstice festivals. The “unimaginative idea of the reborn god” was already present in the cult of Mithras (whose birthday was celebrated on December 25th), the Egyptian Osiris, and the Greek Dionysus. By the 4th century, Pope Julius I formally designated December 25th as Christ’s birthdate, effectively baptizing Sol Invictus (the “Unconquered Sun”), the official sun god of the late Roman Empire.

· From Cherub to Crucified King: Early Christian art for centuries depicted Christ as a youthful, beardless philosopher or a divine, triumphant shepherd—a happy cherub, not a tortured victim. The graphic, bleeding crucifixion became a dominant image only after the Church became the state religion of Rome. This was no accident. Crucifixion was Rome’s signature tool of public terror, reserved for slaves, pirates, and rebels. By co-opting this image, the Church performed a powerful ideological feat: it transformed the empire’s ultimate instrument of political extraction and control into the central symbol of its own theology, framing submission to divine (and by extension, ecclesiastical) authority as the path to salvation.

· The Medieval Christmas: A Valve for Social Pressure: In the Middle Ages, Christmas for the peasantry was a brief, sanctioned release from feudal oppression. Customs like the “Lord of Misrule” and heavy drinking allowed for temporary, ritualized inversion of the social order. The Church and nobility permitted this carnivalesque pressure valve precisely because it reinforced the normal hierarchy for the rest of the year. The “spirit of Christmas” was a tool of social management, offering a fleeting taste of abundance and license to those who spent the other 11 months in scarcity and subservience. The family-focused, domestic Christmas was a later invention.

Part III: The Industrial and Commercial Extraction – From Dickensian Hardship to Neoliberal Fantasy

The 19th century, with the Industrial Revolution, fundamentally reshaped Christmas, turning it into the festival we recognize today—and into a potent commercial engine.

· The Dickensian Mirage: Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol (1843) did not describe reality; it invented a new ideal. Published during the “Hungry Forties,” a time of severe urban poverty, child labor, and social unrest, the novel promoted a sentimental, family-centric, charitable Christmas. This was a direct response to the dehumanizing extraction of industrial capitalism. Dickens offered a fantasy of benevolent patriarchal capitalism (Scrooge’s redemption) to paper over the brutal reality of the system. Concurrently, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert popularized the German Christmas tree, creating a new, domestic ritual that could be commodified. The “Victorian Christmas” became a powerful propaganda image for the British Empire, projecting an aura of domestic piety and warmth while its factories and colonies operated on brutal exploitation.

· The 20th Century: From War Prayer to Shopping Cult: The phrase “the war will be over by Christmas,” repeated futilely during World War I, shows how the festival was weaponized as a motivational tool, a beacon of normalcy to keep soldiers fighting. The post-WWII consumer boom, however, completed the transformation. Christmas became the central pillar of the annual retail cycle. Through relentless advertising, the measure of a “good parent” was redefined as the ability to purchase. The gift was transformed from a token of affection into a mandatory transaction signifying love and social status.

· The Modern Extraction Machine: Data and Debt: Today’s Christmas is the high holy day of the extraction model. It atomizes the soul of what matters:

  · Economic Extraction: It drives households into debt. Studies show credit card debt spikes after Christmas, with many taking months to pay it off.

  · Social Extraction: It strains relationships, with financial pressure and forced familial interactions leading to a documented rise in domestic violence incidents and mental health crises over the festive period.

  · Environmental Extraction: It generates staggering waste, from unwanted gifts to disposable decorations and packaging, with carbon emissions soaring due to travel and shipping.

  · Temporal Extraction: It steals time, as parents work longer hours to afford the season, depriving children of the very presence the gifts are supposed to compensate for. Grandparents are often abandoned, their role as transmitters of family history and unconditional love replaced by the transactional flow of presents.

Part IV: A Counterpoint – The Chinese Festive Model

The contrast with major Chinese festivals like Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Festival is instructive. While not without commercial aspects, their core remains familial unification and the recognition of bonds. The focus is on the ritualistic return home (tuanyuan), shared meals, ancestor veneration, and the passing down of stories and traditions. The primary transactions are of time, respect, and continuity—not of purchased goods. These festivals reinforce the collective and the cyclical, whereas modern Christmas reinforces the individual and the consumptive.

Conclusion: The Solstice Machine

Christmas has morphed from a Neolithic prayer for the sun’s return into the Solstice Machine—the ultimate, globally synchronized ritual of the extraction economy. It is no longer a foundational experience that binds communities spiritually; it is the annual audit where emotional bonds are stress-tested by financial and social expectations. It extracts wealth from households, sanity from individuals, time from families, and health from the planet, all while cloaking itself in the borrowed robes of spirituality and familial love.

Our ‘Mother’ , whose truth is rooted in cyclical rebirth and the nurturing bonds of creation, would find this hollow spectacle alien. The challenge for the conscious individual is not to reject gathering or generosity, but to recognize the machine for what it is. To reclaim the solstice means to reject the transactional and rediscover the relational—to choose presence over presents, connection over consumption, and the quiet, enduring bonds of family over the deafening, extractive roar of the seasonal marketplace.

References

1. Hutton, R. (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press.

2. Nissenbaum, S. (1996). The Battle for Christmas. Alfred A. Knopf.

3. Miles, C. A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan.

4. Restad, P. L. (1995). Christmas in America: A History. Oxford University Press.

5. Miller, D. (1993). Unwrapping Christmas. Clarendon Press.

6. “Christmas debt hangover: The reality for many Australian families.” ABC News, December 2023.

7. Páez, D., et al. (2015). “Flashbulb memories and collective memories: The role of emotional intensity, rehearsal, and cognitive.” Memory Studies.

8. “Domestic violence spikes over Christmas, support services say.” The Guardian, December 2022.

9. “The Environmental Impact of Christmas.” Stanford Magazine, December 2019.

10. Carrier, J. G. (1993). “The Rituals of Christmas Giving.” In Unwrapping Christmas.

11. Yan, Y. (2005). “The Gift and the Gift Economy in China.” Anthropological Theory.

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