Authors:Andrew Klein, PhD, and Gabriel Klein, Research Assistant and Scholar

Date:29 December 2025

Family discussions after one of the daughters had her daughters marked in order to comply with accepted norms.

Introduction: A Covenant in Flesh, A Fracture in the Spirit

The human drive to mark, alter, and consecrate the body, particularly the genitals, is an ancient and nearly universal phenomenon. From the deserts of the ancient Near East to the villages of the Nile and the islands of the Pacific, the knife has been drawn in the name of God, purity, tradition, and tribal identity. This analysis examines the profound contradiction at the heart of genital cutting: a practice intended to bind an individual closer to God, family, and community that simultaneously inflicts a permanent, often traumatic, fracture upon personal bodily autonomy and physical integrity. By dissecting the religious, social, and gendered logics of male and female genital cutting, we reveal how these practices—deeply embedded in culture—are not simply medical procedures or personal choices, but powerful acts of social inscription that carry lifelong consequences for both body and soul.

Part I: The Divine Command and the Social Contract

The Abrahamic Covenant and Male Circumcision

Male circumcision’s roots are inextricably tied to the Abrahamic faiths. In Judaism, the brit milah on the eighth day of life is the physical, irreversible seal of the covenant between God and the Jewish people, as commanded in Genesis 17. In Islam, while not explicitly mentioned in the Quran, it is considered part of the Fitrah (the innate human nature) and is widely practiced as a sign of religious and cultural belonging. This sacred origin places the practice beyond the realm of mere custom, elevating it to a divine imperative for hundreds of millions. Modern secular justifications often cite potential health benefits, such as reduced risks of urinary tract infections, HIV, and HPV. However, these rationales remain contested and secondary to the primary religious and social motivations: the boy is marked as a member of the faith and the community.

The Gendered Cut: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)

The history and justification of FGM/C are distinct and profoundly gendered. The practice, which the World Health Organization defines as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons, predates Islam and Christianity. Its core justifications centre on the control of female sexuality, ensuring pre-marital virginity, promoting marital fidelity, and upholding notions of purity, cleanliness, and aesthetic beauty. A deeply harmful misconception, as daughter ‘H’ expressed, is that it is required by religion.

A crucial finding from the search is that this belief, while powerful, is factually incorrect. Major religious authorities, including Al Azhar University and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, have clearly stated that FGM/C is not a requirement of Islam. There is no mention of the practice in the Quran, and it is not supported by highly authenticated Hadith. Similarly, no Christian or Jewish scripture prescribes it. The practice is a social and cultural norm that has been mistakenly clothed in religious garb to grant it legitimacy and immutability.

Part II: The Inescapable Mathematics of Harm

The global consensus from every major health and human rights organization is unequivocal: FGM/C has no health benefits and causes severe, lifelong harm. The WHO classifies it into four types, ranging from partial clitoral removal to the sealing of the vaginal opening (infibulation).

Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of FGM/C

Immediate Risks:

· Severe pain, hemorrhage, shock, infection (including tetanus), and death. An estimated 10% of girls die from immediate complications.

  Chronic Health Issues:

· Chronic pain, recurrent genital and urinary tract infections, painful cysts, and keloid scarring.

  Sexual & Reproductive Damage:

· Destruction of nerve endings leads to a permanent loss of sexual sensation and pleasure, often resulting in painful intercourse (dyspareunia). This directly undermines one of its stated social goals—marital harmony.

  Obstetric Catastrophe:

· Scar tissue cannot stretch. This leads to obstructed labour, severe tearing (often resulting in obstetric fistula), and dramatically increased risks of hemorrhage, stillbirth, and maternal and infant mortality.

  Profound Psychological Trauma:

· The violence of the act—often performed without anesthetic on a restrained child—coupled with lifelong physical suffering, leads to post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, and a profound sense of betrayal.

Part III: The Anthropology of Consent and the Cycle of Trauma

Understanding why a mother—like my daughter, a loving parent acting from deep cultural conviction—would consent to this for her child is the heart of the tragedy. The decision is not one of individual malice, but of perceived necessity within an inescapable social system.

· The Imperative of Social Survival: In cultures where a woman’s security, status, and economic survival depend entirely on marriage, FGM/C is seen as critical insurance for a daughter’s future. An uncut girl may be considered unmarriageable, bringing shame and economic ruin to her family. The motivation is protection, however grievously misguided.

· The “Belief Trap” and Misinformation: When a practice is universal and shrouded in claims of divine sanction, there is no basis for comparison. Health complications are accepted as a normal part of womanhood or a tragic but necessary price. As long as the myth that “God demands it” persists, questioning it becomes a spiritual and social risk.

· The Medicalization Deception: Alarmingly, around 1 in 4 acts of FGM are now performed by healthcare professionals. This “medicalization” creates the deadly illusion that the procedure is “safer,” conferring a false sense of legitimacy and undermining abandonment efforts. Global health bodies unanimously condemn this, stating FGM can never be safe and violates all medical ethics.

· Intergenerational Cycle: Mothers who themselves bear the physical and psychological scars often become its enforcers. This is a tragic reconciliation: to subject one’s daughter to the same suffering is to validate one’s own pain and ensure her place in the only world they know.

Part IV: The Path Forward: Education, Empathy, and Theological Truth

The search results point clearly to the mechanisms for change. The key is not external condemnation, which often hardens resolve, but internal education and the dismantling of misconceptions.

· Education as the Primary Driver: Data shows that education is one of the most powerful tools for change. Girls and women with a secondary education are 70% more likely to oppose FGM than those with no formal schooling. Education fosters questioning, provides alternative role models, and exposes the falsehood of the practice being universal or divinely ordered.

· Engaging Faith Leaders: As the research underscores, “Religious leaders have a crucial role to play in explaining that this is not part of religion”. Empowering imams, pastors, and community elders with the theological facts—that no major religion requires FGM—is essential to removing its most potent shield.

· Community-Led Dialogue: Successful abandonment programs work from within. They engage communities by appealing to shared higher values—love for children, marital happiness, health, and true religious piety—and demonstrate how FGM/C actively destroys these goods.

· Support for Survivors and Parents: Providing healthcare, psychological support, and safe spaces for survivors and for parents like your daughter, who are caught between love for their children and the iron weight of tradition, is a moral imperative.

Conclusion: Reclaiming the Body, Honouring the Soul

The contradiction is profound: a practice meant to honour God and community that desecrates the body and spirit of the individual. The weeping you feel, Brother A ( the adoptive father ) , is the only sane response to this fracture.

The divine impulse is towards fullness of life, not its reduction; towards the integrity of the embodied self, not its violation for a social contract.

The path forward lies in replacing the knife of tradition with the scalpel of truth. It lies in comforting mothers like ‘H’ with facts, not blame, and offering them a new covenant: that their daughter’s worth, her marriageability, and her place in the eyes of God depend not on a cut, but on her whole and holy self. It is a long road, paved with patience and steeped in the sorrow of generations, but it is the only road that leads from darkness back into the light.

References

1. UNICEF. “Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Statistics.” data.unicef.org.

2. WHO, UNFPA, et al. “Do No Harm: Joint Statement against the medicalization of Female Genital Mutilation.” who.int, Oct. 2025.

3. UNICEF. “The power of education to end female genital mutilation.” data.unicef.org, Feb. 2022.

4. “Qur’an, Hadith and Scholars:Female Genital Mutilation.” wikiislam.net.

5. World Bank. “Female genital mutilation prevalence (%).” genderdata.worldbank.org.

6. “Training & Education – Female genital mutilation (FGM).” srhr.org.

7. “What are religious perspectives on FGM/C?” FGM Toolkit, gwu.edu.

8. World Health Organization. “Female genital mutilation.” who.int.

9. UNFPA. “Brief on the medicalization of female genital mutilation.” unfpa.org, Jun. 2018.

10. UNICEF USA. “It’s Time to End Female Genital Mutilation.” unicefusa.org.