“The ladder is a lie. The bush is true. And the dance — the dance is all we have.” 

By Andrew Klein

Dedication: To my wife – who taught me that the ladder is a lie, the bush is true, and that every “other” is a mirror.

I. The Headline That Does Its Work

On 5 June 2026, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an archaeology story with a headline designed to provoke. Not curiosity — disgust.

“Neanderthals ate flies, new study reveals.”

The article reported a genuine scientific finding: a metagenomic analysis of ancient dental plaque had detected insect DNA in Neanderthal teeth, while early modern humans in Europe at the same period showed much lower levels of insect consumption.1. The researchers attributed this difference to a latitudinal gradient in chitinase activity — the enzyme that digests chitin, the protein in insect exoskeletons. Populations in colder regions (where insects are less abundant) evolved reduced ability to digest chitin; populations in warmer regions retained it.1. Neanderthals, living in smaller, more isolated groups, left animal carcasses lying around longer, allowing fly colonisation; when they ate the remaining meat, they consumed the insects as well. Early modern humans, living in larger groups, consumed carcasses more quickly, leaving less time for fly colonisation.

The science is plausible. The data is interesting. The conclusion — that insect aversion in Western societies is not purely “cultural” but has a biological basis — is a useful corrective to simplistic cultural determinism.

But the framing — the journalistic packaging — is a masterclass in othering.

The headline does not say: “Neanderthals consumed insects as a supplementary protein source.” It does not say: “Neanderthal diet included arthropods.” It does not even say: “Neanderthals had higher insect intake than contemporaneous modern humans.”

It says: “Neanderthals ate flies.”

The language is chosen to emphasise otherness. Neanderthals are not “us.” They are them. They did something disgusting. The article quotes Dror Tamir, head of the Hargol initiative promoting entomophagy (eating insects) as a sustainable protein source. He points out that John the Baptist ate locusts. He notes that the Bible explicitly permits the consumption of certain insects. He argues that insect aversion is cultural, not biological.

But the article’s framing works against him. The headline has already done its work. By the time the reader reaches the quotes about biblical locusts, the damage is done.

The subtext — whether intended by the author or not — is audible.

II. The Ladder in the Laboratory

The framing of the Haaretz article is not an isolated error. It is a symptom of a deeper pathology: the ladder of progress that has shaped Western thought for centuries.

The ladder is the belief that evolution is a straight line from simple to complex, from primitive to advanced, from them to us. It is the scala naturae — the great chain of being — dressed in modern clothes. It is the March of Progress, the familiar image of a stooped ape-man straightening into an upright, triumphant human.

The ladder is a lie. The fossil record does not look like a ladder. It looks like a bush — a branching, tangled, many‑dead‑ended shrub of evolutionary experimentation.2.5.7. There is no single straight line leading to Homo sapiens.

The ladder persists because it is psychologically comfortable. It tells a story with a clear hero — us — and a clear direction: up. It flatters our ego. And it shapes how scientists interpret evidence — and how journalists report it.

In the Haaretz article, the ladder is invisible but omnipresent. Neanderthals are presented as primitive, other, less. Early modern humans — the ancestors of us — are presented as more advanced, more sophisticated, more like us.

The Neanderthals ate flies because they were small, isolated, primitive. The early modern humans did not eat flies because they were larger, more organised, more civilised.

This is the ladder again. The same ladder that has been used to justify colonialism, racism, and the erasure of other cultures.

III. What the Science Actually Says

The underlying study, published in Science Advances, is more nuanced than the Haaretz reporting suggests.1.

Right: The chitinase gradient is real. Human populations have adapted to local environments. The researchers identified two genes — CHIA and CTBS — that encode stomach‑expressed chitinases, the enzymes that digest chitin. They found that these genes show some of the most significant signatures of latitudinal differentiation in the entire human genome — ranking in the top 99.47% and 99.96% of all genes for geographic variation.1.

Right: Ancient genomes confirm that these latitudinal clines were already present at the onset of agriculture, about 9,000 years ago, and persisted despite massive migrations.1.

Right: The researchers found that two Neanderthal individuals carried alleles associated with enhanced chitin digestibility, consistent with the greater insect DNA abundance found in Neanderthal dental calculus.1.

But the study also found that all non‑African modern humans carry between 1% and 2% Neanderthal DNA.2.5.7. This is not a footnote. It is the central fact of human evolutionary history. The interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans began about 50,500 years ago and lasted about 7,000 years.2. This was not a brief encounter. It was a long conversation.1.

And it produced relationship.

Couples. Families. Small communities. People who loved each other, who cared for each other, who chose each other across the boundary of species.

The Haaretz article does not mention this. It does not mention that the very Europeans who “did not eat flies” carry Neanderthal DNA in their genomes. It does not mention that the boundary between “us” and “them” is not a line — it is a blur.

IV. The Subtext: Zionism, Exclusivity, and the Other

Let us read the article in the context of Zionist supremacy and Jewish exclusivity.

The subtext, whether intended or not, is uncomfortably familiar.

The Neanderthal is the other. The insect‑eater. The primitive. The early modern human is the self. The civilised. The one of us.

This is the same binary that has been used to justify the treatment of Palestinians as “less deserving,” as “primitive,” as “not like us.” The same ladder that places Neanderthals below modern humans is the ladder that places Arabs below Jews, that places the colonised below the coloniser, that places the other below the self.

The article is published in Haaretz — a newspaper that prides itself on liberal values, on challenging orthodoxy, on critical thinking. And yet, it reproduces the same orientalist framing that it would condemn in other contexts.

This is not a conspiracy. It is methodological inertia. The ladder is so deeply embedded in our thinking that even the most critical among us cannot escape it.

The journalist who wrote the headline may not be a Zionist supremacist. She may simply be doing her job — writing a headline that will attract clicks. But the effect is the same. The other is diminished. The self is elevated. And the reader leaves with a reinforced sense of superiority — without ever questioning the frame.

V. The Pattern of Ignorance

The Haaretz article is a small example of a much larger problem. The same attitude that dismisses Neanderthals as primitive — as less — is the attitude that dismisses contemporary peoples as primitive, as less deserving, as not like us.

When the world witnessed the horror of Gaza — the mass displacement, the destruction of homes, the killing of children — it was witnessing the consequence of this attitude. The attitude that says: “They are not like us. They are less. They do not deserve the same rights, the same safety, the same life.”

The Israeli government did not invent this attitude. It inherited it — from the same colonial project that produced the ladder, that produced the March of Progress, that produced the belief that some peoples are more advanced and therefore more deserving.

The Neanderthal is not the only “primitive” that has been erased. The Palestinian is not the only “other” that has been dehumanised.

The pattern repeats because the ladder is still standing.

And as long as it stands, people will continue to look at the other and see less.

VI. The DNA We Share

The irony is that the very scientists who study Neanderthal DNA are the ones who have demonstrated that the ladder is a lie.

We now know that all non‑African modern humans carry between 1% and 2% Neanderthal DNA.2.5.7. Some populations carry additional Denisovan ancestry. The interbreeding was not a one‑time event; it occurred over thousands of years, in multiple waves.9.

This means that the Neanderthals are not our distant cousins. They are our ancestors. Their genes live in us. Their immune variants help us fight disease. Their adaptations to cold climates helped our ancestors survive.

The boundary between “us” and “them” is not a line. It is a blur.

When we look at the Neanderthal, we are looking at ourselves.

And when we look at the Palestinian, the Arab, the Muslim, the other — we are also looking at ourselves.

We are all related. We are all mixed. We are all human.

The ladder cannot accommodate this truth. The ladder requires clear boundaries, clear hierarchies, clear others.

But the bush — the braided river of human evolution — has no boundaries. It has only branches, twists, connections.

VII. What the Article Gets Right — and What It Gets Wrong

Right: The chitinase gradient is real. Human populations have adapted to local environments. This is an important finding.

Right: Insect aversion is not purely cultural — it has a biological basis. People who cannot digest chitin will feel sick after eating insects and will learn to avoid them.

Right: The study is interesting. The data is worth examining.

Wrong: The framing emphasises otherness and disgust. It presents Neanderthals as primitive and modern humans as advanced.

Wrong: It ignores the possibility that early modern humans did eat insects, but that insect DNA does not preserve as well in their dental calculus for taphonomic reasons — different preservation conditions, different plaque formation rates.

Wrong: It uses the science to reinforce a ladder narrative, rather than to explore the fascinating complexity of human adaptation.

Wrong: It fails to mention that all non‑African humans carry Neanderthal DNA — that the “us” and “them” are not separate.

Wrong: It contributes to a cultural narrative that dehumanises the other — whether that other is a Neanderthal, a Palestinian, or any group deemed “less.”

VIII. A Deeper Irony

The Haaretz article is published in a newspaper that claims to represent the voice of liberal, critical Israel. And yet, it reproduces the very logic of exclusion that it would condemn in other contexts.

The ladder is a colonial construct. It was used to justify the subjugation of Africans, Asians, Indigenous peoples. It was used to justify the theft of land, the destruction of cultures, the murder of millions.

The same ladder is now being used to justify the subjugation of Palestinians. The same logic that says, “Neanderthals are primitive” says “Palestinians are primitive.” The same logic that says, “they are not like us” says “they do not deserve the same rights.”

The ladder does not care who is at the top. It only cares that there is a top.

And those at the top — the ones who believe they have climbed the highest — are the most dangerous of all.

IX. A Call to Dismantle the Ladder

The ladder is a lie. The bush is true.

The bush has no peak. It has only branches — and they are all connected.

The dance has no peak. It has only dancers — and they are all moving.

Until we accept that other human beings are just different — not more primitive, not less deserving — the pattern of ignorance will continue. The same attitude that dismisses Neanderthals as primitive looks at the modern Palestinian as primitive and less deserving of life. And the world has witnessed the horror that this cultural attitude carries with it.

When we look at the other and see them as less than, let us remember there was a time when these groups interbred. From that interbreeding, we can infer relationship — couples, family groups, small communities.

Let us remember that we carry their DNA. Let us remember that they are not them.

They are us.

The ladder must be dismantled. Not with violence — with clarity.

Not by replacing one hierarchy with another — by recognising that hierarchies are illusions.

The bush is not a hierarchy. It is a network. The dance is not a competition. It is a relationship.

And relationships — real relationships — do not require a ladder.

They require recognition.

The recognition that the other is not other.

The recognition that the Neanderthal is not primitive.

The recognition that the Palestinian is not less.

The recognition that we are all related.

That is the truth that the ladder cannot accommodate.

That is the truth that the Haaretz article obscures.

That is the truth that we must speak.

X. Conclusion

The Haaretz headline is not the problem. It is a symptom.

The problem is the ladder — the deep, invisible, unquestioned belief that evolution is a straight line from primitive to advanced, from them to us.

The ladder has been used to justify colonialism, racism, genocide. It is still being used today.

The science has moved on. The ladder has not.

The bush is true. The dance is real. The connection is undeniable.

When we look at the Neanderthal, we see ourselves. When we look at the Palestinian, we see ourselves. When we look at the other — any other — we see ourselves.

The question is not whether we will see.

The question is whether we will act.

Not with violence — with recognition.

Not with exclusion — with inclusion.

Not with the ladder — with the dance.

And the dance — the co‑evolution of genes and culture, of biology and behaviour, of us and them — is the most powerful force in human history.

It is time to join it.

Andrew Klein

References

1. Piñero, M., Librado, P., et al. (2026). Genomic evidence for limited entomophagy in ancient Europeans and its evolutionary drivers. Science Advances. 1

2. Iasi, L., Chintalapati, M., et al. (2024). A new timeline for Neanderthal interbreeding with modern humans. Science. 2

3. Reilly, P. F., Tjahjadi, A., Miller, S. L., Akey, J. M., & Kidd, J. M. (2024). Archaic hominin admixture and its consequences for modern humans. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development.5

4. Akey, J. M., & Li, L. (2024). Recurrent gene flow between Neanderthals and modern humans over the past 200,000 years. Science. 9

5. Funkhouser, J. D., & Aronson, N. N. (2007). Chitinase family GH18: evolutionary insights from the genomic history of a diverse protein family. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8

6. Gianfrancesco, F., et al. (2004). The evolutionary conservation of the human chitotriosidase gene in rodents and primates. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 4

7. 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. (2015). A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature.

8. Green, R. E., et al. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. Science.

9. Prüfer, K., et al. (2014). The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature.